Afghanistan

Afghanistan (/æfˈɡænɪstæn, æfˈɡɑːnɪstɑːn/(About this soundlisten); Pashto/Dari: افغانستان, Pashto: Afġānistān [avɣɒnisˈtɒn, abdominal muscle ],[9] Dari: Afġānestān [avɣɒnesˈtɒn]), formally the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked nation situated in South-Central Asia.[10][11][12] Afghanistan is circumscribed by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and in the far upper east, China. Its region covers 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi) and a lot of it is secured by the Hindu Kush mountain go, which encounters cold winters. The north comprises of ripe fields, while the south-west comprises of deserts where temperatures can get exceptionally sweltering in summers.[13] Kabul fills in as the capital and its biggest city.

Human residence in Afghanistan goes back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the nation's vital area along the Silk Road associated it to the way of life of the Middle East and different pieces of Asia. The land has verifiably been home to different people groups and has seen various military battles, including those by Alexander the Great, Mauryas, Muslim Arabs, Mongols, British, Soviets, and since 2001 by the United States with NATO-associated nations. It has been classified "unconquerable"[14][15] and nicknamed the "cemetery of empires".[16] The land likewise filled in as the source from which the Kushans, Hephthalites, Samanids, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Khaljis, Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, and others have ascended to frame major empires.[17]

The political history of the cutting edge province of Afghanistan started with the Hotak and Durrani lines in the eighteenth century. In the late nineteenth century, Afghanistan turned into a cushion state in the "Incomparable Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. Its outskirt with British India, the Durand Line, was shaped in 1893 however it isn't perceived by the Afghan government and it has prompted stressed relations with Pakistan since the last's freedom in 1947. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the nation was free of outside impact, in the end turning into a government under King Amanullah, until very nearly 50 years after the fact when Zahir Shah was toppled and a republic was set up. In 1978, following a second upset Afghanistan initially turned into a communist state and after that a Soviet Union protectorate. This evoked the Soviet– Afghan War during the 1980s against mujahideen rebels. By 1996 the greater part of Afghanistan was caught by the Islamic fundamentalist gathering the Taliban, who led the majority of the nation as an authoritarian routine for more than five years. The Taliban were persuasively expelled by the NATO-drove alliance, and another justly chosen government political structure was framed.

Afghanistan is a unitary presidential Islamic republic with a populace of 31 million, for the most part made out of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks. It is an individual from the United Nations, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Group of 77, the Economic Cooperation Organization, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Afghanistan's economy is the world's 108th biggest, with a GDP of $64.08 billion; the nation admissions much more terrible regarding per-capita GDP (PPP), positioning 167th out of 186 nations in a 2016 report from the International Monetary Fund.[18]